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1
The Law
Present perfect simple & continuous · comparing and contrastingReading text — A tolerant society (مجتمع متسامح)
How do Islamic values influence the system of laws in Kuwait?
إظهار الإجابة
The law is drawn from the teachings of the Holy Qur'an, and it protects the rights of all people of all religious persuasions.
يُستمدّ القانون من تعاليم القرآن الكريم ويحمي حقوق الجميع على اختلاف معتقداتهم.
Who appoints judges in the regular courts?
إظهار الإجابة
The Emir, in consultation with the Justice Ministry.
الأمير بالتشاور مع وزارة العدل.
Listening: a talk about the law — check your understanding
How does the speaker define 'law'? · Who makes sure people obey codes of law? · Which law deals with murder and theft?
إظهار الإجابة
Rules which control society · the police and judges · criminal law.
قواعد تنظّم المجتمع · الشرطة والقضاة · القانون الجنائي.
Grammar practice from the book
What is the difference: "Mishari has studied law and history this year" / "Mishari has been studying law and history for four years"?
إظهار الإجابة
The first states what he has done (a completed fact). The second stresses how long the activity has continued.
الأولى تذكر ما أنجزه، والثانية تؤكد طول مدة استمرار النشاط.
"Lamia has written two essays" / "Lamia has been writing an essay all morning"?
إظهار الإجابة
Two essays = a finished number (result). All morning = an activity over time that may not be finished.
Which words compare or contrast? (a) Instead of becoming a lawyer… (b) In comparison with other careers… (c) …On the other hand, lawyers are well paid.
إظهار الإجابة
(a) instead of = contrast · (b) in comparison with = comparing · (c) on the other hand = contrast.
Policemen: arrest criminals / Lawyers: prosecute criminals — join with a connector.
إظهار الإجابة
Policemen arrest criminals, whereas lawyers prosecute criminals. · Instead of prosecuting criminals, like lawyers, policemen arrest criminals.
Essay: litigation — arguments for and against (مقال: التقاضي)
Match each paragraph with a heading.
إظهار الإجابة
Paragraph 1: Background information · Paragraph 2: The arguments against more litigation · Paragraph 3: The arguments for more litigation · Paragraph 4: The views of the writer.
What is meant by a 'culture of blame'?
إظهار الإجابة
People search for someone to blame for accidents that, in the past, they would have taken responsibility for themselves.
أن يبحث الناس عن شخص يلومونه على حوادث كانوا سابقًا يتحملون مسؤوليتها بأنفسهم.
Practice
When do we use the present perfect continuous?
إظهار الإجابة
For an activity that continues over time, to stress how long it has taken, for an activity that may be unfinished, or one repeated over a period.
Correct: "She has trained for six years" → stress the duration.
إظهار الإجابة
She has been training for six years.
2
Migration
Past perfect simple · describing past eventsUnit opener and words (الافتتاحية والمفردات)
Headings of the article parts (Unit 2 reading)?
إظهار الإجابة
Economic boom · Economic necessity · Conflict.
الازدهار الاقتصادي · الضرورة الاقتصادية · الصراع.
Reading: Why do people leave their home countries? (لماذا يغادر الناس بلادهم؟)
Complete the table: nationality, place migrated to, reasons.
إظهار الإجابة
A: Irish → the United States → poor farmers, economic decline, Potato Famine and starvation · B: British and Swedish skilled workers → Kuwait → the oil and construction boom needed workers; a better life · C: Spanish → France (mostly), Britain, the US → the civil war of 1936–39.
Grammar answers (Past perfect)
Choose the correct form: (a) By the end of their holiday, Jaber and Yaser ___ many places. (b) He noticed his brother ___ all the food. (c) By two o'clock I ___ my English and ___ on Maths.
إظهار الإجابة
(a) had visited · (b) had eaten · (c) had finished … had started.
What is the difference: "In 1854 a quarter emigrated" / "By 1854 a quarter had emigrated"? And: "so many were dying" / "so many had died"?
إظهار الإجابة
In 1854 = during that year. By 1854 = before that year (earlier action). Were dying = it was happening at the time. Had died = it happened earlier, as the reason.
San Francisco text: (1) hit (2) last (3) be (4) be obliterated (5) become (6) show (7) split (8) move (9) kill (10) injure
إظهار الإجابة
(1) hit · (2) lasted · (3) was · (4) had been obliterated · (5) had become · (6) showed · (7) had split · (8) had moved · (9) killed · (10) injured.
Explain with the past perfect: (a) Hussein felt perturbed at the airport. (b) Boushra wasn't confident about her driving test. (c) Nabeel didn't recognise Jaber. (d) Faisal found it hard to get up. (e) Laila couldn't stop smiling. (f) Yaser couldn't contact his brother.
إظهار الإجابة
(a) He had never flown before. · (b) She had failed twice. · (c) He hadn't seen him for ten years. · (d) He had worked late the night before. · (e) She had passed her exams. · (f) He had switched his phone off.
Vocabulary: prefixes and suffixes
Prefix: uncomfortable / ___ patient / ___ fit / ___ happy … ___ pleased. Suffix: celebrating, ___ , ___ , ___ , ___ , ___ .
إظهار الإجابة
uncomfortable · impatient · unfit · unhappy … displeased · suffixes: celebrating · unexpectedly · unfairly · desirable · miserable · unlikely · wonderful · peaceful.
Related words: earn → ? destroy → ? disaster → ? major → ? active → ? civil → ? permanent → ?
إظهار الإجابة
earnings · destruction · disastrous · majority · activity · civilians · permanently.
Speaking and writing an e-mail (حديث عن حدث غيّر حياتك + بريد إلكتروني)
Complete the mini-dialogue: advantages and disadvantages of moving abroad (model).
إظهار الإجابة
A: What do you think are the advantages of moving abroad? B: Well, I think you can find better jobs and meet new people. What about you? A: I believe it gives you a better standard of living. Do you think there are no disadvantages? B: Oh, yes. There are some: you miss your family and friends. A: OK. I agree. (a model answer — yours may differ)
Practice
Join with past perfect: "He arrived. The train left."
إظهار الإجابة
By the time he arrived, the train had left.
3
Human Values
Adverbs of manner · If conditionals 0–3Reading: universal human values (القيم الإنسانية العالمية)
Find sentences that mean the same: (a) Liberty is a more complex idea than it may first appear. (b) Being protective of people in need is a widespread human trait. (c) Individuals sacrifice some freedoms to gain protection from society. (d) Some specialists maintain that all cultures share common values.
إظهار الإجابة
(a) "freedom is not as straightforward as its name may imply" · (b) "Caring for those worse off than ourselves… is a human attribute we can find in almost every society" · (c) "Society gives us many forms of protection that we wouldn't otherwise have" (freedom is a balance) · (d) "some ethnographers and anthropologists have set out to establish a set of universal human values".
True or False? 1 Cultures share several basic traits and values. 2 Freedom means doing whatever you want. 3 All countries lack legislation to protect minorities.
إظهار الإجابة
1 True · 2 False (such action is the opposite of freedom) · 3 False (many countries have important legislation).
Grammar answers
Adverbs of manner: (a) The child was behaving very bad. (b) The dog was barking aggressive at the children playing noisy. (c) His car drove smooth. (d) You can't talk loud.
إظهار الإجابة
(a) badly · (b) aggressively … noisily · (c) smoothly · (d) loudly.
Replace the bold parts with an adverb: (a) with anger (b) with care (c) in a tragic manner (d) a very comfortable fit (e) like a master.
إظهار الإجابة
(a) angrily · (b) carefully · (c) tragically · (d) fit very comfortably · (e) masterfully.
Match the if clauses: (a) If I had studied harder… (b) If you want the teacher's help… (c) If we played tennis… (d) If we had gone shopping… (e) If we don't go shopping… (f) If Turki works hard…
إظهار الإجابة
(a) I would have passed the test (type 3) · (b) raise your hand (type 0) · (c) I would lose (type 2) · (d) we would have had food to eat (type 3) · (e) we won't have any food to eat (type 1) · (f) he'll pass his exams easily (type 1).
Speaking: a humanitarian appeal (نداء إنساني)
Radio advert: the purpose is to… / the speaker uses extreme contrasts to…
إظهار الإجابة
raise money for a humanitarian appeal · highlight the small sacrifices donations would involve. (chosen from the options in the book; I did not hear the recording)
Writing: a charity newsletter (نشرة خيرية)
Match the paragraphs with the headings (A–D).
إظهار الإجابة
A: Improving sanitation · B: Providing hospitals worldwide · C: Full stomachs, smiling faces · D: What still needs to be done.
Focus on: The Foreign Diplomatic Institute (المعهد الدبلوماسي)
What are the three main aims of the institute?
إظهار الإجابة
(1) training diplomats — new recruits get 12 months in Kuwait and 6 abroad; (2) a government think-tank on foreign policy; (3) organising international seminars, conferences and workshops.
Compound words: find examples in the text, then match A with B: 1 bitter 2 rail 3 foot 4 high 5 middle — a aged b way c light d sweet e ball.
إظهار الإجابة
In the text: well-trained, far-flung, think-tank. Matches: bitter-sweet · rail-way · foot-ball · high-light · middle-aged.
Practice
Complete: "If I ___ (be) rich, I would donate more."
إظهار الإجابة
were (type 2: past simple in the if-clause).
4
The Earth at Risk
Purpose and result clauses · prefixesAnswers to the book's exercises
Choose the endings: (a) Land can no longer be used for growing crops if… (b) The Earth's most precious resource is… (c) Trees and plants…
إظهار الإجابة
(a) the top layer of soil is destroyed · (b) water · (c) stop wind and rain from damaging land.
True or False? (a) Human actions are the only cause of desertification. (b) Almost three-quarters of Africa's drylands are affected. (c) Deforestation is caused by desertification.
إظهار الإجابة
(a) False — natural climate changes often precipitate it · (b) True — 73% · (c) False — deforestation erodes the soil and contributes to desertification.
Which words introduce explanations? And which link an action with a result?
إظهار الإجابة
Explanations: in order to, to + infinitive (cut down to make…), because. Results: so that, to be the cause of, with the result that, leads to.
Write Why-questions for the three explanation sentences.
إظهار الإجابة
Why do some people move to greener areas? · Why are trees usually cut down? · Why do farmers tend to overcultivate their land?
Climate text: fill gaps (1)–(10) from: climate, arid, frigid, humid, droughts, day-to-day, prevailing, planting, equator, forecasting.
إظهار الإجابة
(1) day-to-day · (2) climate · (3) prevailing · (4) equator · (5) humid · (6) frigid · (7) arid · (8) droughts · (9) forecasting · (10) planting.
Match the prefixes: re- / mis- / under- / over-.
إظهار الإجابة
re- = again (rewrite, rebuilt) · mis- = wrong or bad (misheard, misbehaved) · under- = not enough (underachieve, undercharged) · over- = too much (overcultivate).
Reading Q&A
What is desertification?
إظهار الإجابة
The process in which productive land changes into desert.
What are its causes?
إظهار الإجابة
Natural climate changes can start it, but human activity is often the real cause: overcultivation, overgrazing and deforestation.
Why do people have to move to greener areas?
إظهار الإجابة
Because the soil is destroyed and the land can no longer grow crops or feed animals.
5
Precious Resources
Wishes · phrasal verbsGrammar answers: wishes
(a) I wish people would take the problem more seriously. (b) I wish we could recycle plastic more easily. (c) I wish I had kept my old newspapers. (d) I wish I knew more about the environment. (e) I wish they would stop littering! — regret or criticism? Which use wish + would?
إظهار الإجابة
Regret / dissatisfaction: b, c, d · criticism or annoyance: a, e · wish + would: a, e · wish + past simple / past perfect: b, c, d.
Match with follow-ups: "But I can't change that now" · "It's so annoying!" · "Hopefully, we will be able to eventually" · "In the future I'll know more" · "Maybe one day they will".
إظهار الإجابة
c · e · b · d · a.
Complete: I wish I ___ (finish) my work before leaving yesterday. I wish I ___ (know) the answer last week. I wish I ___ (go) on holiday with you last year.
إظهار الإجابة
had finished · had known · had gone (wish + past perfect = regret about the past).
Write wish sentences (model answers): I can't sleep at night / the weather is too hot / people drive too fast / the clothes are too expensive / I forgot my homework.
إظهار الإجابة
I wish I could sleep at night. · I wish it weren't so hot. · I wish people wouldn't drive so fast. · I wish the clothes were cheaper. · I wish I hadn't forgotten my homework.
Reading: a report on waste and recycling (تقرير النفايات وإعادة التدوير 2000–2006)
One key fact in the report is incorrect. Which one?
إظهار الإجابة
I could not check it: it needs the bar chart, which does not come through the extracted text. Compare the percentages in the report (green waste about 30%, metal 28%, glass 20%) with the chart in your book.
لم أستطع تحديدها لأنها تحتاج المخطط البياني، قارن النسب بالمخطط في كتابك.
Practice
Which wish structure complains about other people's behaviour?
إظهار الإجابة
wish + would: "I wish my brother would get up earlier."
6
Under Threat
Modals of deduction · the passive · prepositionsPanda quiz and reading: The Bamboo Bear (دبّ البامبو)
Panda quiz (from the article).
إظهار الإجابة
China · bamboo · about 12 hours eating · about 1.5 m tall · about 120 kg · about 1600 left in the wild · greatest threat now: the destruction of its natural habitat.
Match the headings with paragraphs A–E.
إظهار الإجابة
A Basic information · B Typical lifestyle · C Special abilities · D Eating habits · E Saving the panda.
Complete: (a) In the past pandas were found in… (b) Their thick fur… (c) Pandas are good climbers even though… (d) Pandas know when enemies are near because…
إظهار الإجابة
(a) several parts of Asia, including Vietnam and Tibet · (b) protects them in cold, damp conditions · (c) they are big and heavy · (d) they have acute hearing.
Grammar answers (modals and the passive)
Meaning: "It can't be an interesting place" / "It must be"; "might have come" / "must have come"; "might have spoiled" / "might spoil".
إظهار الإجابة
can't = sure it isn't · must = sure it is · might have come = you think it was possible · must have come = you feel sure · might have spoiled = possible in the past · might spoil = possible in the future.
Passive verbs 3a–f: which tense?
إظهار الإجابة
were found (past simple) · are protected (present simple) · are being threatened (present continuous) · were being hunted (past continuous) · is punished (present simple) · have been set up (present perfect).
Vocabulary: environmental words
Match: bounty, cultivate, recompense, illegitimate, encroach, nourishment — and prepositions: dependent __ plants; found __ the forests __ China; escape __ enemies; provides us __ nourishment.
إظهار الإجابة
bounty = wealth · cultivate = grow · recompense = reward · illegitimate = unsanctioned · encroach = trespass on · nourishment = sustenance · on · in … of · from · with.
Role play and the formal report (لعب أدوار وتقرير رسمي)
Business report (for building on the wetlands): suitable headings for 1–4?
إظهار الإجابة
1 Introduction · 2 The need for new housing / Reasons in favour · 3 Concerns about building out of town · 4 Conclusion. (suggested titles; the book leaves them blank)
التقرير يؤيّد البناء على الأراضي الرطبة لأن ذلك يزيد الطلب على الخدمات وينعش الاقتصاد المحلي، ولأن البناء خارج البلدة قد يضيّع فرصة التوسع ويزيد المنافسة ويصرف الاستثمار عن البلدة. وترى مجموعة الأعمال أن حيوية البلدة الاقتصادية تسبق القلق البيئي.
Practice
Turn into the passive: "People hunted pandas for their skins."
إظهار الإجابة
Pandas were hunted for their skins.
🌿
Focus on: The Arfaj
العرفج — نبات الكويت الوطني · Rhetorical questionsRhetorical questions: what is the purpose of the two opening questions? Is the author expecting answers?
إظهار الإجابة
They catch the reader's interest and make him think about the Arfaj; no answer is expected. A rhetorical question makes a point instead of asking for information, e.g. "How many times do I have to tell you…?" means "I am annoyed."
السؤال البلاغي لا يطلب جوابًا، بل يلفت الانتباه أو يعبّر عن الاستياء.
Kew leaflet: which issue? which group is it persuading? what ideas does it use?
إظهار الإجابة
The issue: protecting plant life and biodiversity. The group: the public (visitors and supporters). The ideas: education, the world's largest seed bank, and Kew's help to countries around the world. (my reading of the leaflet; the book gives no answer key)
✎
Test Yourself
Choose an answer: you'll see the correct one and whyScore: 0 / 0