🎨 Questions are in blue. Answers are in green serif. Then test yourself in the Quiz: wrong answers are corrected at once.
1
The Law
Present perfect simple & continuous · comparing and contrastingGrammar
| Tense | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present perfect simple | a past fact; an experience or achievement with a result now | I've passed my driving test, so I can borrow his car. |
| Present perfect continuous | an activity over a length of time; stress on duration; may be unfinished; repeated activity | She's been training to be a doctor for six years. |
Contrast: whereas and but join two clauses · on the other hand cannot join clauses · instead of + noun / -ing · in comparison with + noun.
I prefer the town, whereas my brother prefers the country.
Travelling by car is cheap. On the other hand, flying is quicker.
Functions
In my opinion…I agree / disagree…In conclusion…On one hand… on the other hand…Drivers are obliged to… / don't have to…The main argument for / against…
Key vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| jury | group of citizens who decide if someone is guilty |
| sue | take legal action against someone |
| prosecute | bring a legal case against someone |
| penalty | punishment for breaking a law |
| enforce | make people obey a law |
| impose | officially force a rule or punishment on someone |
| litigation | taking a dispute to court |
| petty | small and unimportant |
Reading text — A tolerant society (مجتمع متسامح)
Just like in the rest of the world, Kuwaiti laws are made to protect the individual rights of the people living there. Kuwait has a well-structured and clearly-defined judiciary, composed of summary, military and religious courts, amongst others. The Emir, in consultation with the Justice Ministry, appoints judges in the regular courts. The law is drawn from the teachings of the Holy Qur'an and protects the rights of all people of all religious persuasions, ensuring a safe, just and tolerant society.
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة
2
Migration
Past perfect simple · describing past eventsGrammar
Past perfect = had + past participle. It shows which of two past actions happened first, or explains a past situation or feeling.
Irish people emigrated because so many had died of starvation.Dying came first.
Hussein felt nervous because he had never flown before.
By 1854, a quarter of Ireland's population had emigrated to America.
Functions
One of the reasons…The first reason people leave…One of the advantages of migration…I can remember it very clearly.Two months later, we…The first thing that struck me was…
Key vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| emigrate | leave your country to live in another |
| famine | severe shortage of food |
| displace | force people to leave their home |
| seek | look for |
| arduous / strenuous | difficult and tiring; needing great effort |
| meticulous | very careful about details |
| reside | live in a place |
| deteriorate | become worse |
Unit opener and words (الافتتاحية والمفردات)
The photos show three reasons why people leave their homes: after a disaster (San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906) · to find a better life (Irish emigration to America in the 19th century) · for jobs after an economic boom (Europeans going to the Gulf after the oil boom).
أسباب الهجرة في الصور: الكوارث، والبحث عن حياة أفضل، والفرص الاقتصادية بعد الازدهار.
| Word | Meaning (book) | بالعربية |
|---|---|---|
| boom | a period of great wealth | ازدهار |
| deteriorate | get worse | يتدهور |
| emigrate | leave your country to live in a foreign country | يهاجر |
| famine | serious shortage of food leading to great hunger | مجاعة |
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة
3
Human Values
Adverbs of manner · If conditionals 0–3Grammar
Adverbs of manner say how an action is done: careful → carefully · lucky → luckily · responsible → responsibly. After link verbs use an adjective: Sue felt happy (not happily). Some adverbs keep the adjective form: fast.
| Type | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 0 – general truth | if + present, present | If you heat water to 100°, it boils. |
| 1 – likely | if + present, will + verb | If I find her address, I'll send an invitation. |
| 2 – unlikely / impossible | if + past simple, would + verb | If I were in charge, I'd raise salaries. |
| 3 – imagined past | if + past perfect, would have + past participle | If I had passed, I'd have my own car. |
Key vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| compassion | sympathy for others' suffering |
| empathy | ability to share another person's feelings |
| tolerance | accepting different views and behaviour |
| discrimination | unfair treatment of a group |
| alleviate | make less severe |
| vulnerable | easily harmed |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| underprivileged | having less money or opportunity |
Reading: universal human values (القيم الإنسانية العالمية)
Despite the apparent diversity of cultures throughout the world, some ethnographers and anthropologists have set out to establish a set of universal human values. They believe that almost all cultures, from the simplest to the most complex, share several basic traits and values.
Compassion: The first value they identified was compassion and empathy. Caring for those worse off than ourselves, or those incapable of looking after themselves, such as the hungry, poor, elderly or very young, is a human attribute we can find in almost every society. The ways in which this behaviour is expressed range from looking after the sick to donating a portion of one's earnings to charitable causes.
Freedom: Human freedom is another value that most societies seem to value. However, freedom is not as straightforward as its name may imply. Freedom does not mean simply acting as one wishes all the time; in fact, such an action is the opposite of freedom. Most cultures perceive freedom as a balance between individual…
Compassion: The first value they identified was compassion and empathy. Caring for those worse off than ourselves, or those incapable of looking after themselves, such as the hungry, poor, elderly or very young, is a human attribute we can find in almost every society. The ways in which this behaviour is expressed range from looking after the sick to donating a portion of one's earnings to charitable causes.
Freedom: Human freedom is another value that most societies seem to value. However, freedom is not as straightforward as its name may imply. Freedom does not mean simply acting as one wishes all the time; in fact, such an action is the opposite of freedom. Most cultures perceive freedom as a balance between individual…
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة
4
The Earth at Risk
Purpose and result clauses · prefixesGrammar
| Purpose | Result / cause |
|---|---|
| in order to + infinitive because + clause to + infinitive | so that + clause · to be the cause of · with the result that + clause · to lead to |
Some people move to greener areas in order to survive.
Farmers overcultivate, with the result that the soil becomes unproductive.
Key vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| desertification | process in which productive land becomes desert |
| arid | very dry |
| erode | wear away gradually |
| graze | (animals) eat grass |
| harsh | severe, difficult to live in |
| scarcity | shortage |
| implement | put a plan into action |
| precipitate | make something happen suddenly |
Words and Factfile (المفردات والحقائق)
| Word | Meaning (book) | بالعربية |
|---|---|---|
| climate | weather conditions in an area over a period of time | مناخ |
| overcultivate | use land for growing crops so much it can no longer be used | يُفرط في الزراعة |
| erode | destroy slowly | يتآكل / يُعرّي |
| graze | put animals in a field so they can eat the grass | يرعى |
| soil | what plants need to grow in | تربة |
| wildfire | fire that spreads very quickly | حريق غابات |
حقائق: كل عام يتحوّل 5 ملايين هكتار من الأراضي في العالم إلى صحراء · منذ الخمسينيات تحوّل 9 ملايين هكتار في الصين · يؤثر التصحر في 74% من أراضي أمريكا الشمالية · في أفريقيا 73% من الأراضي الجافة متأثرة · غبار الصحارى الأفريقية يصل إلى مدن الشرق الأوسط وأوروبا · قبل 5000 عام كانت الصحراء الكبرى مغطاة بالعشب والنباتات.
Reading: The Spread of the Desert (انتشار الصحراء)
Desertification, which is the process in which productive land changes into desert, is an…
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة
5
Precious Resources
Wishes · phrasal verbsGrammar
| Structure | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| wish + past simple | dissatisfaction with the present; impossible conditions | I wish I had my glasses. / I wish I were ten years younger. |
| wish + past perfect | regret about the past | I wish I hadn't spent all my money. |
| wish + would | complaint about someone's behaviour | I wish you wouldn't do that. |
Phrasal verbs & vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| put up with | tolerate |
| run out of | have no more of |
| cut down on | reduce |
| get rid of | throw away / remove |
| come up against | face a problem |
| keep up with | stay at the same level or pace |
| red tape / bureaucracy | too many complicated official rules |
| incinerator | machine for burning waste |
Opener text and answers (النص الافتتاحي والإجابات)
There is a unity and balance between man and nature. Caring for the environment, using the world's resources in moderation and protecting endangered species are therefore major concerns. We are all accountable for the damage done to…
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة
6
Under Threat
Modals of deduction · the passive · prepositionsGrammar
| Modal | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| must (have) | almost sure it's true | They must have come from somewhere hot. |
| can't (have) | almost sure it's NOT true | They can't have finished lunch already. |
| might (have) | not sure | He might have got stuck in traffic. |
Passive = be (any tense) + past participle. We use it to focus on the object, to sound formal, or when the agent is unknown, obvious or unimportant. The agent comes after by.
Pandas were hunted for their skins until the 1960s.
Panda sanctuaries have been set up in China.
Key vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| extinction | when a species dies out completely |
| hibernate | sleep through the winter |
| encroach | gradually take over someone's land |
| refuge | a place of safety |
| consensus | general agreement |
| utilise | use |
Panda quiz and reading: The Bamboo Bear (دبّ البامبو)
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة
🌿
Focus on: The Arfaj
العرفج — نبات الكويت الوطني · Rhetorical questionsترجمة النص: هل سمعت بالعرفج؟ هل رأيته يومًا؟ العرفج (اسمه العلمي Rhanterium epapposum) هو النبات الوطني للكويت. لم يكن اختيار الزهرة الوطنية عشوائيًا، بل نتيجة عملية طويلة راعت جذورها التاريخية ورمزيتها وشهرتها. اُختير لأهميته التاريخية عند الكويتيين، إذ كان يُستخدم دواءً طبيعيًا ومصدرًا للفراش وحطب الوقود وغذاءً للأغنام. وقد سُجّل في الماضي أنه يغطّي حتى ثلاثين بالمئة من أرض الكويت، وهو رقم هائل لنوع واحد. وذكره عالم النبات الفرنسي ريناتو ديفونتين في موسوعته «Flora Atlantica»، ولاحظ أنه وفير في الكويت رغم ندرته في بلدان كثيرة، وأعجبته زهوره البرتقالية الزاهية ورائحته الجميلة. وللأسف هو من 370 نوعًا نباتيًا تواجه خطر الانقراض بسبب النشاط…
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة
✎
Test Yourself
باقي هذا القسم مقفل افتح المذكرة كاملة