مذكرة اللغة الإنجليزية Over to You – الصف الحادي عشر – الفصل الأول

It is for Grade 11 students. It provides a wide range of topics and activities, broadens general knowledge and develops vocabulary. Students enjoy reading the Factfiles and Quote boxes.

It is divided into 4 modules, each containing 3 units which develop the topic in different ways. It presents grammar in context and provides regular practice in the language skills. (This part, 11A, contains Modules 1 and 2.)

1) Grammar File: for difficulty or extra examples, or for revision before a test. 2) Function File: lists the functions in every unit. 3) Irregular Verbs List: base, past simple and past participle forms in alphabetical order. 4) Glossary: increases awareness of vocabulary, develops vocabulary and practises dictionary work. 5) A list of websites.

Population: 3.4 million (2009) · Capital: Kuwait City · Area: 17,820 sq km · Major language: Arabic · Currency: Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD) · Main exports: petroleum, petrochemical products, fertilizers and financial services.

(حلّ نموذجي) a) Both in Kuwait – the Hala February Festival and the Qurain Cultural Festival. b) Hala: celebrations, shows and events with flags; Qurain: artists' performances and exhibitions. c) Personal opinion with a reason. d) Personal answer.

a) Hala – spring (February), launched in 1999, coinciding with National Day (25 Feb) and Liberation Day (26 Feb); Qurain – annually from late November to early December. b) Hala – Arabian warmth and hospitality, culture, entertainment and shopping; Qurain – Kuwaiti culture and the arts. c) It coincides with National Day and Liberation Day and inspires a sense of patriotism for Kuwaitis and citizens of sister countries. d) Awards: “Appreciation” and “Encouragement” awards for disciplines such as engraving, short-story writing, translation and TV direction, plus a “Personality of the Year” award. e) Hala – culture, entertainment, shopping discounts, carnivals, raffles, contests, migratory birds and spring scenery; Qurain – concerts, exhibitions, film screenings, seminars and activities, free of charge.

Perhaps Kuwait's most dazzling celebration; annual; combines cultural celebrations with a stream of colourful events; attracts many tourists, especially families from the Gulf; launched in 1999 and takes place in spring; the surrounding desert changes from scorched sands to a green canopy of blossoming flora; shops offer huge discounts (a shopping extravaganza) so it is an important economic event; in a decade it became a national and touristic phenomenon.

Held annually from late November to early December;…

(حلّ نموذجي) Family members at a celebration; they meet at Eid, weddings, birthdays and on Fridays.

الإجابات من التسجيل (نصه غير مطبوع). من المفردات المرافقة: close-knit, eldest, formal, get-together, hold, milestone, swap, touching.

a) host · b) swap · c) made · d) gave (حلّ نموذجي؛ الكلمة الأولى في الصندوق مشوّهة في الطباعة).

(نشاط شفهي) Yes – meetings strengthen family ties and keep traditions alive. Quote in the book: Joyce Brothers (اسم قائل الاقتباس كما ورد).

Yesterday we celebrated our grandmother's return from the Hajj. After we had collected her from the airport, Grandma explained that she had always dreamed of travelling to Makkah and had finally achieved her life-long aim. As soon as we had eaten a long breakfast we invited our close family for a special meal. Mum had decorated the house in anticipation of her arrival. Grandma gave us gifts, then we tucked in to a large lunch of curry, fresh…

(حلّ نموذجي) In cafes, malls, parks, diwaniyas, sports clubs and at home. Facts also in the article: coffee first came from Ethiopia and spread to Arab countries; the first London coffee house opened in 1652.

It was opened in 1652 by Pasqua Rosee, from Smyrna in Turkey. At first coffee houses were mainly for businessmen, writers, politicians and scientists – and only men went, because people thought coffee was bad for women's health.

For the price of a cup of coffee people could read newspapers, catch up on the news, listen to scientific lectures, do business or chat. They were pleasant, calm places with bookshelves, mirrors, pictures and good furniture where people talked cordially; whoever started a quarrel had to buy coffee for everyone. Like today's websites, they were exciting but information might not be accurate. Servants passed on news about politicians.

First grown in Ethiopia (people chewed the beans) → Arab countries, where it became popular because of its taste and the energy it gave when people felt sleepy → during the next hundred years to other western European countries, where at first it was drunk as a medicine, then became a social drink.

Diwaniyas are informal social gatherings, usually of Kuwaiti men, at which people meet to discuss issues ranging from business to football and from politics to literature. Diwaniya literally means a place of assembly; the name originates from the Arabic word diwan, the office in which the Amir meets and talks with his subjects.

Nowadays Diwaniyas serve many purposes – family, public and even political meeting places. Traditionally it was held in a large tent with cushions to sit on, whereas now it is common to find permanent structures built specifically for a Diwaniya.

(من مقال الوحدة) Listens openly and with empathy; practises supportive (two-way) listening; asks for paraphrases and repetitions; listens between the lines; neither controls the conversation nor interrupts; doesn't react to emotional words but interprets their purpose; doesn't judge before comprehending.

A major source of communication problems is defensiveness: when people feel threatened they try to protect themselves. A skilful listener is aware of the potential for defensiveness and makes the adjustments needed during conversations.

Effective communication is an essential component of healthy relationships; being a good, patient listener helps solve problems and lets you see the world through others' eyes, enhancing your capacity for empathy. «Listening between the lines» means paying attention to what is meant but not said openly (the hidden message behind the words) (حلّ نموذجي).

«Listen or your tongue will keep you deaf» (Native American proverb): if you only talk and never listen, you cannot learn; listening to others' wisdom increases your own.

On average people spend over 75% of their time in interpersonal situations, so poor communication is at the root of many personal problems. Effective communication needs specific strengths, especially listening skills.

الإجابات من التسجيل (نصه غير مطبوع). Words to remember: adjustment, assumption, block out, capacity, defensiveness, distraction, empathy, enhance, interlocutor, non-verbal.

(حلّ نموذجي) Spelling and handwriting are difficult. Without writing people would pass information orally, by pictures or by memorised stories. Oldest types: pictograms and hieroglyphics; most recent: alphabets such as the Roman alphabet. The opener pictures show writing systems from different countries (names to be written under arrows a–e).

Human beings have been writing for over five thousand years. It started in Mesopotamia in about 3000 BCE, when people developed a kind of writing to document and pass on information. They used pictograms mainly to communicate economic information (agriculture, financial matters). Gradually the pictures became cuneiform symbols inscribed on blocks of clay with reeds. Only certain people could write – professional writers called scribes wrote about quotidian life and trade. About the same time another picture system, hieroglyphics, developed in Egypt.

In about 1500 BCE Chinese scribes started writing on tortoise shells using characters similar to those still used today. Characters represent words, so people must learn thousands of characters before they can read even a simple story. Traditionally the Chinese write with a brush and ink.

The Phoenicians invented writing based on an alphabet – a system in which each letter represents a sound and letters combine to make words. The Roman alphabet, which has twenty-six letters, is an ameliorated (improved) form of the Phoenician alphabet. Most European countries have used it since they were part of the Roman Empire two thousand years ago.

Written Arabic has been used since the 4th century CE; it is the second most widely used alphabet in the world; used throughout the Arab world and the basis of Malay, Urdu and Turkish writing. Unlike Roman-alphabet systems it is written from right to left and has twenty-eight letters. Like Chinese, Arabic writing is a precious art form as well as a practical method of communication.

Mobile phones have become a necessity for people of miscellaneous ages and occupations. College students rely on them to inform parents when staying late at the library, to chat with friends and plan days out. Parents use them to check on their children or call for help in emergencies. Both may use them as calendars, watches, alarm clocks and calculators; some work as radios; some people use them as a notepad (saving an SMS as a reminder). Owners customise phones with ring tones, themes and wallpapers. Professionals rely on them to schedule their daily agenda and communicate with staff and clients.

Some phones send/receive e-mails and browse websites via a WAP and/or HTML browser. For many, the cell phone has replaced the PDA as the portable complement to the computer; with a remote desktop application it becomes a window to one's computer. Professor Ramesh Jain (University of California, Irvine) wrote on his weblog that mobile phones are likely to become a dominant device for CCC (communication, computing and content). Hence the phones of tomorrow will be the ultimate remote control of our life – what George Gilder called “teleputers”.

From large car phones (1980s) to smaller digital phones (1990s) to phones with cameras, video and Internet access (2000s). (Prediction – حلّ نموذجي) They will be even smaller and more powerful, working as computers and remote controls for our lives.

Born in 1942 in Kuwait into the ruling family. She graduated from the Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences at Cairo University in 1973 and obtained a doctorate in economics from the United Kingdom in 1981. She returned to Kuwait and founded the Sheikha Suad Al-Sabah Publishing and Distribution House. She has published several books of poetry, established a literary prize that carries her name and written hundreds of economic and political essays and popular articles for Arabic newspapers and magazines. Her poetry has been translated into many languages including English.

Huck lives with the Widow Douglas and her sister Miss Watson, who want to «civilise» him; he dislikes living in a house and runs away, but his friend Tom Sawyer finds him and makes him return. He must wear uncomfortable new clothes and tidy up after meals.

One night Tom calls Huck from the garden with «Mee-yow»; Huck climbs out of the window. Tom's gang pretend to be robbers who will rob travellers on the roads; after a month Huck resigns (nobody has been robbed). Tom promises to rob rich Spanish merchants with camels and elephants, but they find only a class of children on a picnic with their teacher.

He spills salt and expects bad luck. The Widow makes him stay in a hut across the river, lock him in and give poor food. He cuts a hole with a saw, finds a…

1) completed past actions: Turks brought coffee to Constantinople in 1453. Decaffeinated coffee was invented in 1903. 2) generally true or repeated past actions: The Galla people in Ethiopia ate coffee beans for energy.

1) background activities/actions: It was a sunny morning. We were driving along the motorway. 2) past actions or events in progress when something happened: We were listening to music when suddenly there was a loud explosion.

can/can't/could/couldn't + base form for abilities in the present and past: I can run 100 metres in 12 seconds. I can't drive. We can't get out – the doors are locked. I could swim when I was four years old. The driver couldn't start the car engine. be able to + base form makes other tenses/times: I haven't been able to walk since I broke my leg (present perfect). I hope I'll be able to see better when I get my new glasses (will future).

Use could for general abilities in the past: I could swim when I was four years old. I couldn't swim until I was nearly nine. BUT use managed to or was/were able to for a particular occasion in the past (achieving something difficult): The door was locked, but we managed to get out by breaking a window (Not: we could get out). The engine wouldn't start. In the end we were able to start it by pushing it down a hill. For negatives we usually use couldn't: The door was locked, and we couldn't break a window to get out.